nned invasion of Cuba to proceed. In what is known as the "Bay of Pigs Invasion", 1,500 U.S.-trained Cubans, called "Brigade 2506," returned to the island in the hope of deposing Castro. In keeping with prior plans, no U.S. air support was provided. As CIA director Allen Dulles latter stated, they thought that once the troops were on the ground any action required for success would be authorized by the president to prevent failure.[54] By April 19, 1961, the Cuban government had captured or killed the invading exiles, and Kennedy was forced to negotiate for the release of the 1,189 survivors. After twenty months, Cuba released the captured exiles in exchange for $53 million worth of food and medicine.[55] Furthermore, the incident made Castro wary of the U.S. and led him to believe that another invasion would occur.[56] According to biographer Richard Reeves, Kennedy primarily focused on the political repercussions of the plan rather than the military considerations; when it failed, he was convinced the plan was a set up to make him look bad.[57] Nevertheless, in the end, Kennedy took the blame himself.[58] Afterwards, he opined, "...We got a big kick in the leg and we deserved it. But maybe we'll learn something from it."[59]
Late in 1961 the White House formed the "Special Group (Augmented)", headed by Robert K
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