ing to biographer Burns, b

or, Attack on Pearl Harbor, and Europe first
Roosevelt signing the declaration of war against Japan, December 8, 1941.

After Japan occupied northern French Indochina in late 1940, FDR authorized increased aid to the Republic of China. In July 1941, after Japan occupied the remainder of Indo-China, he cut off the sale of oil to Japan. Japan thus lost more than 95 percent of its oil supply. Roosevelt continued negotiations with the Japanese government, primarily through Secretary Hull. Japan Premier Konoye desired a Pacific conference with FDR which U.S. Ambassador Joseph Grew favored but which Hull opposed. When Kenoye failed to produce diplomatic results, Emperor Hirohito replaced him with Minister of War Tojo.[143] Meanwhile Roosevelt started shifting the long-range B-17 bomber force to the Philippines.[144]

According to biographer Burns, b
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